The Third Pole Meltdown – Climate Shifts in Northern Pakistan & India

The towering Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges form the lifeline for millions of people across northern India and Pakistan. These regions host thousands of glaciers - sometimes called the “Third Pole” - because they store more ice than anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic. These glaciers feed the Indus, Ganges, Chenab, and Jhelum rivers, sustaining agriculture, hydropower, and drinking water supplies.

However, over the last two decades, climate change has begun to transform these icy giants at an alarming pace, resulting in glacial retreat, increased meltwater, and a higher frequency of disasters such as Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).

Impact of Rising Temperatures

Even a small temperature increase at high altitudes can have dramatic effects:

Accelerated Melting – Glaciers like Gangotri in India and Barpu or Passu in Pakistan have retreated rapidly.
Earlier Snowmelt – Snowpacks are melting weeks earlier, shifting the timing of water flow into rivers.
Seasonal Water Imbalance – Early flooding in spring is followed by reduced water availability in late summer.

Regional Differences

In the Karakoram Range of Pakistan, some glaciers are surprisingly stable or even advancing - a phenomenon known as the “Karakoram Anomaly” - due to unique microclimates and winter snowfall patterns. However, most other glacier systems in the Himalayas and Hindu Kush are in steady retreat.

Glacier-Related Disasters – Lives and Houses Lost

Climate change has not only changed the pace of glacial melt but also increased the risk of sudden and destructive events. The table below compares major glacier-linked disasters in 2020 and 2025 (January–August) in India and Pakistan.

Year	Location(s)	Type of Disaster	Lives Lost	Houses/Infrastructure Lost or Damaged
2020	Neelum Valley, Azad Kashmir (Pakistan)	Avalanche (linked to heavy snow/glacial melt)	~74	84 houses + 17 shops destroyed
	South Asia (incl. Pakistan, India)	Monsoon floods (partially glacier-fed)	~6,511 (region-wide)	$1.5B damage in Pakistan; $105B region-wide
2025	Uttarakhand, India	Flash flood from glacier melt	5+	40–50 houses + 50 hotels swept away
	Hunza, Pakistan (Shispar Glacier)	GLOF	15	Scores of houses damaged, land erosion
	Karakoram Highway, Pakistan	Glacier melt flood	0	>50 houses at risk/damaged; highway swept away
	Nationwide, Pakistan	Monsoon + glacier floods	300+	1,600+ houses damaged
	Gilgit-Baltistan & Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan	Localized GLOFs	9	Multiple homes damaged
	Punjab & northern Pakistan (cumulative since June)	Monsoon + glacier melt disasters	193 (incl. 93 children)	Major infrastructure collapse